Low-carbon fertilizer production

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY

Low-carbon fertilizer production

Major fertilizer industry players such as Stamicarbon, Nutrien and CF Industries are ramping up investment in ‘green’ and ‘blue’ fertilizer production. Consequently, low-carbon production technologies are being scaled-up and deployed commercially.

STAMICARBON

Stamicarbon’s road to green fertilizers

The world is facing a climate challenge, with the global fertilizer industry accounting for 2.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, as countries move towards a carbon-free, sustainable future, the fertilizer industry has to contribute to both reducing emissions and accelerating the transition to a green economy.

With these aims in mind, Maire Tecnimont Group – inspired by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – launched its sustainability strategy in early June this year. The strategy embraces a concept of innovation that is economic and social in nature, not just technological.

The strategy is also designed to position Maire Tecnimont as an enabler of the energy transition worldwide – with a focus on people, their well-being, as well as the communities in the various geographies in which the company operates. From this sustainability perspective, Stamicarbon, the innovation and licensing company of Maire Tecnimont Group, is determined to embrace innovation and invest in sustainable, carbon-free fertilizer production. Stamicarbon is pursuing this through:

• The introduction of Ultra-Low Energy technology to reduce plant steam and cooling water consumption, while reducing biuret content in the final urea product.
• The MicroMist™ Venturi Scrubbing system to significantly reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions.
• The Stami Green Ammonia technology package to enable carbon-free fertilizer production using renewable energy resources.
• The development of the first commercial renewable power-to-fertilizer plant in Kenya.
• Its participation in the INITIATE project. This is bringing about more sustainable steelmaking by re-using captured carbon dioxide from steel mills in the production of blue ammonia and/or urea.
• Working to enable continuous production of green hydrogen using renewable power as a partner in the European PROMETEO project.

Stami green ammonia

Ammonia is produced in massive volumes across the globe as a basic chemical. This large-scale, highly energy-intensive industry also consumes natural gas and coal as feedstocks in large volumes.

Over 80 percent of the ammonia produced globally is destined for nitrogen fertilizer manufacture. This, in turn, accounts for more than one-half of the worldwide fertilizer market. Unsurprisingly, given its production scale, conventional ammonia manufacturing contributes significantly to climate change.

However, through its introduction of the Stami Green Ammonia technology package, Stamicarbon is supporting the ammonia industry’s transition away from hydrocarbons and towards renewables instead. This technology makes it possible to produce ‘green’ ammonia economically from renewable energy sources – for use as a raw material in the manufacture of ‘green’ nitrates.

From grey to green ammonia

Green ammonia technology offers a sustainable alternative to conventional ‘grey’ ammonia production via the Haber-Bosch process. This captures nitrogen from the air and combines it with hydrogen derived from hydrocarbons (most commonly natural gas) through a conversion process known as steam reforming (Figure 1).

Fig. 1: The ‘grey’ ammonia production process

Fig. 2: The ‘green’ ammonia production process

The use of fossil fuels as feedstocks for ammonia production generates carbon monoxide alongside hydrogen in the first step of the process. While hydrogen is consumed further on in the process during ammonia synthesis, carbon dioxide, having no further role to play, is mainly released into the atmosphere.

Green ammonia production, in contrast, eliminates carbon from the process by using water electrolysis to derive hydrogen, then adding nitrogen sourced from the air, and powering the rest of the production process with renewable energy sources. No fossil fuels are involved in electrolytic separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen as the electricity used is derived from renewable sources such as solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy (Figure 2).

In short, with Stamicarbon’s Green Ammonia technology package, sustainable, carbon-free ammonia can be produced from natural elements like the sun, air and water. The process needs a constant supply of renewable energy – meaning the location of the plant needs to be considered carefully. It is usually best to build a green ammonia plant near the energy source to optimise the financial model. Other alternative power options include: obtaining renewable electricity by connecting the plant to a green energy grid or hydropower, capturing surplus energy and storing it for later use, using geothermal energy, and even by burning green ammonia itself.

Stami Green Ammonia technology – key features

A Stami Green Ammonia plant offers a viable solution for tackling the global carbon challenge by using renewable energy to power ammonia synthesis instead of fossil fuels. This first-of-its-kind technology is configured using a modularised approach, making it perfect for small-scale plants. It is offered under an exclusive cooperation agreement with Argentinian-based Raybite S.R.L. to commercialise its proven ammonia technology package.

The package is available in two proven, small-scale ammonia production design capacities – 100 t/d and 200 t/d of – but can be scaled upwards. The resulting Stami Green Ammonia plant has a lean and compact design, with a footprint of approximately 15 by 30 metres, including the compressor building, and consumes about 35-70 megawatts (MW) of power, depending on the plant’s capacity (Figures. 3 & 4).

In recent times, technological developments in the fertilizer industry have typically focused on economies of scale and delivering ever higher fertilizer production outputs. However, now that the industry is moving towards greener technologies, new factors such as the availability of renewable electricity and the limits on electrolyser production capacity must be considered, as these are not yet sufficient to supply large-scale projects at short notice. Stami Green Ammonia technology currently has four operating references. This is the strongest reference list for the small-scale ammonia plant concept, providing a good basis for its further development in future.

In summary, the technology incorporates the following key features:

• Capex efficiency
• Strong reference base with four small-scale plants in operation
• Lean, compact, modularised design
• High plant reliability with a proven track record
• Full compliance with environmental standards.

The main technological feature of Stami Green Ammonia is the use of a high-pressure ammonia synthesis loop (synloop) operating at approximately 300 bar. This has been customised to deliver the most efficient small scale plant design. This efficient design allows ammonia to condense with the cooling water, eliminating the need for a refrigerating compressor. As a result, the plant operates using just one proven and reliable electric-driven reciprocating multiservice compressor. The minimal amount of equipment needed to operate the plant delivers a substantial Capex saving, which is generally an important consideration for small-scale applications.

Fig. 3: 3D model of a Stami Green Ammonia plant

Fig. 4: Synthesis section of a Stami Green Ammonia plant

Overall, the technology package offers a competitive solution for local, small-scale production and, when used in combination with Stamicarbon’s existing urea and mono-pressure nitric acid technologies, can produce ammonia-based fertilizers such as greener urea (using recycled or recovered CO2 ) and green ammonium nitrate. By applying this same technology towards blue ammonia and urea production, Stamicarbon also plans to help other industries such as steelmaking become more sustainable.

The first renewable power-tofertilizer plant project

Go ahead has been given for the construction of the first commercial Stami Green Ammonia plant at the Oserian Two Lakes Industrial Park in Kenya, 100 kilometres from the capital Nairobi (Figure 5). Stamicarbon will contribute both its new green ammonia and its existing nitric acid technologies to this renewable power-tofertilizer project. The company is working alongside other Maire Tecnimont subsidiaries, MET Development and NextChem, to build the world’s first commercial nitrate fertilizer plant operating at industrial scale (circa 200,000 t/a) powered exclusively by renewable energy sources. By demonstrating the viability of the renewable powerto-fertilizer concept today, this pathfinder project will pave the way for future projects and growth in green fertilizer production.

The plant will be powered by 70 MW of renewable power, primarily geothermal and solar energy. This will cut emissions by 100,000 tonnes CO2 annually, compared to a conventional fertilizer plant powered by natural gas.

Preliminary engineering work on the project has already begun. NextChem also plans to start front-end engineering design (FEED) by the end of this year, with commercial operations scheduled to begin in 2025. Once built, the new plant will produce 550 t/d of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and NPK fertilizers to supply local agricultural demand.

Fig. 5: Location of the first renewable power-to-fertilizer plant

The first-of-its-kind green fertilizer plant at Oserian Two Lakes Industrial Park will support local fertilizer production in Kenya, helping to secure the availability of domestically-produced fertilizers throughout the country’s agricultural season.

Oserian Two Lakes Industrial Park is a 150-hectare sustainable development project in Nakuru County, Kenya. The privately-owned park, operated by the Oserian Development Company, is drawing in businesses and investors to support the sustainable industrialisation of East Africa. It already contributes greatly to Kenya’s development and broader economy and is set to generate hundreds of jobs locally. The park is a part of a larger mixed-use development called Oserian Two Lakes. Spread across 7,500 hectares, this combines horticulture, industry & commerce, residential properties and tourism with wildlife conservation.

Participation in European green initiatives

Stamicarbon is participating in the EU-funded INITIATE project – the acronym standing for ‘innovative industrial transformation of the steel and chemical industries of Europe’. The project is examining the use of carbon-rich off-gases from steel mills as feedstock for urea production. Modular carbon-capture utilization-and-storage (CCUS) technology is at the core of this process, as it allows the conditioning of steel gases to be integrated with ammonia synthesis.

Stamicarbon will be responsible for the project’s commercial implementation plan and will also supply its small-scale urea and green ammonia technologies. These will be demonstrated at a pilot plant currently under construction in Luleå, Sweden. The initial objective is to judge the viability of the project’s concept and prove the ammonia production capability before advancing to build a urea production reference plant in the next stage. The project consortium includes various steel, chemical and energy transition companies, research institutions, universities, and industrial partners active in the fertilizer and steel industries.

Stamicarbon is also applying its green ammonia technology as part of the PROMETEO venture. This European Horizon 2020 project aims to develop an innovative prototype for the continuous production of green hydrogen via high-temperature electrolysis powered by renewable energy. This innovative solution will address intermittency in the supply of solar power by managing energy conversion and re-generation. Green hydrogen produced in this way will contribute to green ammonia and green fertilizer production.

The future is sustainable

The world’s population will grow to nearly 10 billion people by 2050. By this date, hundreds of countries globally will also have to achieve their net-zero emissions targets under the Paris Agreement. In future, ammonia, an integral component of nitrogen fertilizers, will also need to be produced sustainably – if it is to minimise environmental impacts, comply with new legislation and meet climate commitments. Stami Green Ammonia provides a ‘futureproof’ gateway to carbon-free ammonia production, as well as delivering a smart, sustainable, renewable feedstock for the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

NUTRIEN

Low-carbon ammonia – harnessing decarbonisation on a global scale

Blake Adair, Senior Manager, Innovation and Environmental Performance

At Nutrien, our purpose is to grow our world from the ground up. As the world’s largest provider of crop inputs, services and solutions, we play a key role in feeding the future by helping growers sustainably increase food production. It’s a role we take seriously, because by 2050, there will be about 10 billion people to feed around the world.

The development of low-carbon ammonia for use in agriculture, industry and as an energy source is a key strategic pillar of our aspirations to be a leader in sustainability across the agriculture value chain and in emerging energy markets.

Agriculture

The economics of farms across the planet are beholden to local and international commodity pricing. It is uncommon for farmers to be financially rewarded to lower the carbon intensity of their products. This needs to change if we are to drive-up the adoption and widespread use of low-carbon ammonia and its derivative fertilizer products. Late last year, our retail group launched a new carbon programme for our farmer customers. This provides them with end-to-end support to drive sustainable agriculture while boosting their profitability – using a combination of science, technology and a carbon credit system that builds a new market around positive carbon outcomes. We believe that, over time, this will de-risk the positive changes in farm practice required, by providing growers with the incentives they need to make the most sustainable fertilizer choices, allowing us to rapidly decarbonise the fertilizer industry.

Ammonia’s potential role in the decarbonisation of our current energy system is an exciting opportunity. But it must be developed in lock-step with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As outlined in the SDGs, it is critical that we implement climate solutions that do not threaten food security. If our food systems are put at risk, we would subject the world’s most vulnerable populations to undue hardship. Responsible development must also be mindful to neither increase the utilisation or construction of coal-based ammonia capacity. Low-carbon ammonia’s development should be viewed as an opportunity to address climate change, but also serve as a catalyst to help eliminate hunger and poverty.

As the economics of using renewable energy sources improve over time, there is potential for significant investment and development of green ammonia technology. This could be powered by renewable electricity, an abundant resource in many regions globally, including the developing world. As technology costs decline and efficiency improves, small- and medium-scale green ammonia plants could also be a supplier of commercially viable ammonia for agricultural use at a local level across the globe.

Earlier this year, we announced a collaborative effort to explore flexible zero-carbon ammonia production. Nutrien is one of 15 organisations involved in the US Department of Energy-funded Renewable Energy to Fuels Through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) integration and testing programme. which is working to create a carbon-free process for generating ammonia. The partners are developing a one metric tonne-per-day, low- and zero-carbon ammonia facility. This will produce ammonia for use in agriculture, electricity generation and/or as a fuel.

There are also viable low-carbon blue ammonia pathways that can drive meaningful emissions reductions today. These include steam methane reforming of natural gas with carbon capture and permanent sequestration, as well as emerging methane pyrolysis technology. There is also significant potential to hybridise existing steam methane reforming facilities. A portion of the necessary hydrogen can be supplied via electrolysis of water using carbon-free electricity. The oxygen produced from the electrolysis unit can be directed to the reforming process to reduce the amount of required fuel gas and their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The goal of all low-carbon ammonia stakeholders should be the development of a functioning and economically viable global supply chain that meets emissions reduction targets. This will necessitate the development of low-carbon ammonia technology that plays to the strengths of regional geography, resources, and regulatory environments. Debating the merits of blue vs green, or blue then green, is counterproductive. We need all pathways to be responsibly developed across the globe now.

Taking action

Nutrien continues to advance its climate strategy. The company has defined several commitments and targets and identified numerous opportunities to reduce our emissions, all of which are supportive of a low-carbon transition plan. Specifically, Nutrien intends to reduce its GHG emissions intensity by 30 percent and invest in low-carbon fertilizers as two of the six 2030 commitments in its Feeding the Future plan. Nutrien supports the goals of the Paris Agreement and has made a commitment through the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) to set a science-based target.

Fig. 1: Hybrid blue ammonia production at Geismar, Louisiana – how it works

Fig. 2: Nutrien’s Geismar, Louisiana, facility has tidewater access

PHOTO: NUTRIEN

In line with our commitments, the development and use of low-carbon ammonia figures prominently in our strategy. This is unsurprising, given our status as one of the largest producers of low-carbon ammonia in the world today. It also supports the range of strategies needed to meet society’s wider decarbonisation goals. Nutrien has been pursuing the development of low-carbon ammonia for more than a decade, possessing approximately one million tonnes of production capability through its Redwater and Joffre, Alberta operations, as well as its Geismar, Louisiana facility.

Low-carbon ammonia hub

Nutrien’s Geismar location has the potential to become a low-carbon ammonia hub. Our operations are tied into a CO2 pipeline network that transports CO2 mined from underground reservoirs for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In 2013, Geismar began directing previously vented process CO2 into this pipeline network for permanent sequestration. As the US Gulf Coast’s CO2 infrastructure matures, dedicated sequestration will be a viable alternative to EOR, especially when supported by regulations such as the 45Q tax credit.

Nutrien’s Geismar ammonia plant (Figure 1) is a hybrid Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) facility that makes two grades of ammonia – conventional grey ammonia and low-carbon blue ammonia. The grey ammonia is primarily upgraded into urea to supply the agricultural market. The lowcarbon blue ammonia has a range of end-markets being suitable for use in agriculture, industry or as a fuel or hydrogen carrier

Location advantage

Low-carbon ammonia produced on the US Gulf Coast can be rapidly scaled to significantly cut emissions. Geismar has the capability to produce 200,000 tonnes of low-carbon ammonia annually. The site is well positioned to expand production through regional access to abundant and low-cost natural gas, a skilled workforce and worldclass carbon capture and sequestration infrastructure. In addition, Geismar has tidewater access (Figure 2) that can accommodate a wide variety of ammonia vessels, including Nutrien’s existing fleet of four ammonia vessels equipped for global distribution. With these geographical advantages, the low-carbon ammonia produced will drive significant and meaningful emissions reductions, doing so at a competitive cost for use in agriculture, industry or emerging fuel markets.

“Nutrien is positioned to supply emerging low-carbon markets in agriculture, industry or for use as a fuel. Our recently announced collaborations will leverage Nutrien’s geographical advantages, technical expertise and global scale to help move the needle on low- and zero-carbon ammonia production, reduce maritime emissions and will set the stage for a globally decarbonised ammonia supply chain in the years ahead,” comments Raef Sully, Nutrien’s EVP & CEO, Nitrogen & Phosphate.

Partnership to decarbonise shipping

Nutrien supports the decarbonisation of shipping and the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) greenhouse gas strategy to reduce emissions. Nutrien recently announced a collaboration with one of its global shipping partners to develop and build a low-carbon-ammonia-powered vessel by 2025, marking an important step forward in this journey. We believe it will provide a repeatable pathway for wide adoption of low-carbon ammonia as a clean fuel for the maritime industry.

When compared to conventional fuels, the use of Nutrien’s existing low-carbon ammonia is expected to achieve GHG emissions reductions of up to 40 percent. Further emissions reductions of up to 70 percent can be achieved with the development of low-carbon ammonia using proven, scalable, best available technology and the permanent sequestration of CO2 . We are confident that development of a vessel powered by lowcarbon ammonia can align with IMO’s GHG emissions reduction goals for 2050. Indeed, we expect deep decarbonisation of the maritime industry to be achievable prior to 2030.

Safety

Nutrien has been shipping ammonia safely for more than three decades, having transported about 45 million tonnes of ammonia over that time across the globe – to North America, Africa, Latin America, Europe and Asia. On average, Nutrien’s fleet of four ammonia vessels complete about 60 voyages per year. Nutrien will continue to conduct its operations and processes in a way that builds on its excellent safety record.

Looking forward

In summary, low-carbon ammonia can pave the way to developing a functional global supply chain, leading to the integration of zero-carbon ammonia as projects and technology for its manufacture are developed.

Nutrien will continue to assess the scope and investments required for transformational low-carbon ammonia production pathways, including exploring technology partnerships, investing in internal research and pursuing scalable pilot projects to enable commercial-scale production in the future.

CF INDUSTRIES

Charting a path towards decarbonisation

The world’s largest ammonia producer is at the beginning stages of a project that will help chart the path forward for the fertilizer industry as it seeks to reduce its carbon footprint.

Fig. 1: CF Industries will integrate this thyssenkrupp-supplied 20 megawatt (MW) alkaline water electrolysis plant within its Donaldsonville complex as part of a commercial green ammonia project.

GRAPHIC: ©TKIS

CF Industries is constructing commercial-scale green ammonia production capacity at its Donaldsonville site in Louisiana, the world’s largest ammonia manufacturing complex. When completed in 2023, the project will be the largest of its kind in North America, capable of producing 20,000 tonnes of green ammonia per year. This will be synthesised by combining nitrogen taken from the air with hydrogen derived from carbon-free sources instead of fossil fuels.

The Donaldsonville green ammonia project is one key aspect of CF Industries’ strategy to help accelerate the world’s transition to clean energy. To do this, the company is committed to decarbonising its ammonia manufacturing network through the production of both green and blue ammonia, and by pursuing other greenhouse gas reduction projects. Blue ammonia is generated by removing by-product carbon dioxide via carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).

“As countries and industries continue to develop plans to achieve net-zero carbon emissions, there is broad interest in clean hydrogen and ammonia to help meet the world’s clean energy needs” said Tony Will, CEO of CF Industries. “Our green ammonia project highlights the competitive advantage our world class ammonia production network offers to industries sourcing carbon-free energy and reinforces our commitment to make significant progress in reducing our carbon footprint by 2030.”

CF Industries’ Donaldsonville site in Louisiana is the world’s largest ammonia manufacturing complex.

PHOTO: CF INDUSTRIES

Donaldsonville green ammonia project overview

CF Industries initially received approval for the green ammonia project from its board of directors in October 2020. Subsequently, in April this year, the company signed an engineering and procurement contract with thyssenkrupp to supply a 20 megawatt (MW) alkaline water electrolysis plant to produce green hydrogen (see Figure 1).

This electrolyser will use renewable electricity to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen. It will be integrated into the existing ammonia plants at Donaldsonville and then produce green ammonia by fixing atmospheric nitrogen with carbon-free hydrogen.

“The company’s commitment to clean energy is exemplified by its ambitious goals on reducing carbon emissions.”

The electrolyser is based on thyssenkrupp’s world-leading chlor-alkali electrolysis technology and benefits from the German company’s decades of experience in large-scale industrial electrolysis. To simplify the construction of new hydrogen plants and keep costs down, thyssenkrupp’s electrolysers come in prefabricated skid-mounted modules. The modular nature of the technology allows additional units to be added, enabling green ammonia production to be scaled-up in the future, while also taking full advantage of the Donaldsonville site’s existing infrastructure.

“By integrating the water electrolysis plant into existing ammonia production at Donaldsonville, we will build on our ammonia manufacturing expertise and identify efficiencies that will allow us to scale production in the future,” said Ashraf Malik, senior vice president, manufacturing and distribution at CF Industries.

Today, CF Industries purchases a substantial volume of renewable energy across its network – far more than will actually be needed to supply the new electrolyser being constructed in Donaldsonville. The company also continues to pursue additional opportunities to procure renewable energy when and where it is available.

In August this year, the company announced that, beginning in late 2021, 100 percent of the electricity purchased for the company’s manufacturing complexes in the United Kingdom will be from renewable sources, up from 23 percent currently. This commitment should increase the total amount of electricity the company procures from renewable sources from 22 percent to 38 percent, based on CF Industries’ electricity purchases across its entire network in 2020.

Decarbonising to meet clean ammonia and hydrogen demand

The current focus on climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally has created a push to decarbonise more than just ammonia production. Indeed, to achieve global climate goals and cut GHG emissions, the world needs to dramatically increase and scale-up clean energy technology. CF Industries believes decarbonised ammonia can help meet these objectives by creating a multiplier effect – replacing fossil fuels as an energy source for other industries, as well as reducing GHG emissions from ammonia production

CF Industries views the prioritisation of clean energy as a natural evolution of its existing strategy. As the company works to aggressively decarbonise its production and distribution network, it expects to provide carbon-free nitrogen fertilizer that will continue to feed the crops that feed the world. Additionally, CF Industries expects to provide a clean energy source to support and accelerate adoption of a broader clean energy economy by enabling other industries to move away from carbon-intensive energy sources.

The company’s commitment to clean energy is exemplified by its ambitious goals on reducing carbon emissions. The company has committed to decarbonising its production network, with the goal of reducing emissions intensity by 25 percent by 2030, relative to a 2015 baseline.

The green ammonia project will contribute to this goal, as will a list of further GHG reduction projects that CF Industries has promised to identify by the end of 2021. The company has also set itself the goal of becoming a net zero carbon business by 2050.

To achieve these goals, CF Industries is pursuing multiple paths for decarbonisation in addition to green ammonia production. This is important given that some still see green ammonia as being many years away from economic viability. Indeed, blue ammonia is seen by many industries as a potential alternative clean energy source that can be economically viable on a much shorter time frame. This is especially true for certain sectors that have traditionally been major contributors to carbon emissions.

Several industries are exploring ammonia as a fuel, including aviation and maritime transport as well as utility power generation. CF Industries is participating in a Joint Study Framework established by Itochu Corporation. This is identifying common issues faced by those wishing to use ammonia as a maritime fuel and then working towards solutions to these. In the initial phases of this effort, the company will contribute its expertise on ammonia production as well as the safe handling, transport and storage of ammonia.

In a further confirmation of its serious interest in ammonia’s clean energy potential, CF Industries has also signed a memorandum of understanding with Mitsui, a leading global ammonia marketer, to jointly explore the development of blue ammonia projects in the United States. The two partners plan to execute preliminary studies covering areas such as:

• Blue ammonia supply and supply chain infrastructure
• CO2 transportation and storage
• Expected environmental impacts
• Blue ammonia economics and marketing opportunities in Japan and around the world.

Green ammonia project timeline

All of the above initiatives are taking place in parallel with CF Industries’ green ammonia project. The company, which is managing project construction and installation itself, expects to begin site preparation work this year. This includes the building of a storage warehouse for construction materials ready for when equipment deliveries begin next year.

CF Industries is already benefiting from the natural learning process required by this new project. One discovery has been the larger space requirements that are necessary for green ammonia production versus the conventional process. Eugene Britton, director, technical services at the Donaldsonville complex, likens this to the extra space needed to install solar fields or wind turbines for green energy production versus the space needed for a power plant.

“Our engineering team has worked hard to understand the underlying technology to ensure safe and efficient integration of the electrolysis process into our operation,” said Britton. “There’s a lot of work that goes into developing the equipment design and operating process to make sure we are simultaneously meeting CF safety standards, but we are proud to say that once finished, it will be the largest unit producing green ammonia in North America.”

CF Industries expects green ammonia production to begin at Donaldsonville by the end of 2023.